| |
| Acetaldehyde: The metabolyte generated when the enzyme aldehyde
dehydrogenase breaks down alcohol. (3) |
| Adolescent Community Reinforcement Approach (ACRA): A treatment
strategy that is composed of 14 private sessions with the adolescent
and/or the adolescents concerned other that focus on learning alternative
skills to cope with problems and to change the environmental issues
related to continued substance abuse. (4) |
| Affective/Feel good strategies: Used during the late 1970's,
the primary assumption in this approach to prevention is that drug
use is directly related to the young person's lack of self-esteem.
(4) |
| Alcohol: A central nervous system depressant. Alcohol goes
directly into the bloodstream which is why it It affects virtually
every system and organ in the body. Chronic use can lead to numerous
preventable diseases, including alcoholism and cirrhosis and cancer
of the liver. (1,3) |
| Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH): An enzyme which helps breakdown
alcohol in the stomach and body, is absent in women. ALDH has also
found to be absent in the stomachs of Native American populations
and Asian populations. (3,4) |
| Alternative activities: A prevention technique used during
the 1980's. The focus now shifts to a more behaviorally oriented approach,
providing alternative activities to drug use. (4) |
| Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): (DSM-IV-TR)
Characterized by inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that
is more frequently displayed and more severe than is typically observed.
These symptoms can cause impairment in cognitive, emotional, and psychological
functioning in children. (3) |
| Autonomy vs. Shame: The second of Erikson's stages of life:
one to three years: Will and Self Restraint. This stage is characterized
by the conflict between autonomy and shame. Autonomy comes from within:
biological maturation fosters the ability to do things on one's own
- to control one's own sphincter muscles, to stand on one's own feet,
to use one's hands, and so on. Shame and doubt comes from an awareness
of social expectations and pressure. (1) |
| Club Drug: Refers to a wide variety of potentially
dangerous substances being used by young people at college campus
fraternities, dance clubs, bars, and all-night dance parties. (3)
|
| Cocaine: A stimulant drug that was once prescribed as a local
anesthetic. Users report a sense of well-being, feeling energetic,
euphoric, decreased appetite and decreased need for sleep. The psychological
and side effects are similar to those of amphetamines. (2) |
| Cognitive Behavior Therapy 7 (CBT7): A treatment designed
to follow MET/CBT5 and provide additional group sessions on other
common topics including problem solving, dealing with anger and criticism,
coping with cravings and relapse, and depression management. (4)
|
| Comprehensive Approach (5 prevention strategies): 1)Information,
2)Social or Life Skill Building, 3) Alternative Activities, 4) Social
Policy, 5) Training Facilitators. (4) |
| Concrete Operations: The third of Piaget's stages of human
development: seven to twelve years. Children develop the capacity
to think systematically, but only when they can refer to concrete
objects and activities. Children at this stage cannot easily grasp
the concept of time, they focus on the immediate reality. (1) |
| Conduct Disorder: (DSM-IV-TR) The characteristic feature
of conduct disorder in children and adolescents, is a repetitive and
persistent pattern of behavior including: aggressive conduct, causing
physical harm to others, causing property loss or damage, deceitfulness,
and theft. This disorder is a precursor to Antisocial Personality
Disorder. (1) |
| DARE (Drug Abuse Resistance Education) Program:
A prevention program which targets fifth-graders. Police officers
visit classrooms and educate children about drugs and alcohol.
(4) |
| DeltaFosB: A transcription factor (a factor that makes DNA,)
that has been shown to accumulate in areas of the brain associated
with addiction, the nucleus accumbens and the dorsal striatum, and
may be the "molecular switch" underlying addiction. (1) |
| Depressant Drug: A drug that depresses the Central Nervous
System (CNS). (1) |
| Depression: (DSM-IV-TR) A period of at least 2 weeks in which
a person experiences depressed mood or loss of interest in daily functions.
The mood may be irritable rather than sad. Other symptoms include
changes in weight and sleep, feeling of worthlessness, guilt, difficulty
thinking, concentrating, remembering, suicidal thoughts and/or ideation.
(3) |
| Detoxification: The process of poisonous substances leaving
the body through natural and/or unnatural processes. When detoxifying
from substances, the body experiences physiological and psychological
symptoms specific to the drug which the client used. (4) |
| Diagnostic Drawing Series (DDS): An art therapy
assessment tool developed by Cohen, a practicing art therapist. It
is a diagnostic tool which combines the research orientation of psychology
with art therapy's attention to materials, process, and individuality.
Soft chalk pastels and 18" X 24" white drawing paper with a slight
tooth are given to the client on a flat drawing surface. The client
is given up to fifteen minutes to complete three drawing directives
carefully crafted by the creators of the assessment to elicit information
in a single brief session. (4) |
|
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders fourth
edition (DSM-IV): The DSM-IV is the current universal diagnostic
manual used by clinicians to diagnose clients. The DSM-IV recently
underwent a text revision (DSM-IV-TR), which includes current definitions
of Mood Disorders, Personality Disorders, Substance Use Disorders,
and other revised criteria. (2,3,4)
|
| Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN): An organization through
which studies were conducted in a representative sample of hospitals
throughout the United States. The studies report trends in people
seeking emergency department treatment related to illegal drug use
or nonmedical use of legal drugs. (2) |
| Ecstasy: is made from methylene-dioxymethamphetamine (MDMA).
Known as "the party drug," it is both a stimulant and a hallucinogen,
and its side effects are potentially life-threatening. The psychological
effects are confusion, depression, sleep problems, euphoria, enhanced
mental and emotional clarity, hallucinations, sensations of lightness
and floating, depression, paranoid thinking. Physical effects include
muscle tension, involuntary teeth clenching, nausea, dehydration,
and malignant hyperthermia (increase in body temperature). (2,3)
|
| Ego/Integrity vs. Despair/Wisdom: The eighth of Erikson's
stages of life: old age. This is a period of adjustment and loss;
loss of physical strength, productivity and friends and family. However,
for Erikson, emphasis is not on external adjustments, but on the inner
struggle of this period - a struggle that holds potential for growth
and wisdom. (1) |
| Erikson, Erik: (1887-1949) A pioneer in psychosocial development.
Erikson theorized "Erikson's stages of life" to describe the stages
of human development from birth to adulthood. (1) |
| "Facts & Information Only": A prevention approach
used in the early 1970's. As a response to the failure of scare tactics,
the pendulum swung to the other extreme of simply providing information
about drugs. (4) |
| Family Support Network (FSN): A treatment designed to supplement
MET/CBT or other types of treatment with additional support for families
such as home visits and parent education meetings. (4) |
| Formal Operations: The forth of Piaget's stages of human
development: twelve years to adulthood. Young people develop the capacity
to think systematically on a purely abstract and hypothetical plane.
(1) |
| GHB (gamma-hydroxybutyrate): An anabolic
steroid (synthetic derivatives of the male hormone testosterone),
one type of club drugs being used by young people because of their
euphoric, sedative, and bodybuilding effects. Like most steroids,
GHB can cause high blood pressure, wide mood swings, liver tumors,
and violent behavior. The drug's effects typically last up to 4 hours,
depending on the dosage. (3) |
| Generativity vs. Stagnation: The seventh of Erikson's stages
of life: adulthood: Care. Once a person has established some measure
of intimacy, their interests begin to expand outward. Generativity
is a broad term that refers not only to the creation of children,
but also the production of things and ideas through work. (1) |
| Hallucinogen: A drug that produces hallucinations.
These drugs include: LSD, mushrooms, mescaline, morning glory seeds,
peyote, and Jimson weed. (1) |
| Heroin: A narcotic derived from the opium poppy, heroin was
originally developed as a substitute for morphine in an effort to
deal with the addiction problem. However, it was quickly recognized
that heroin is even more addictive than morphine. As a result the
drug was made illegal. The rush lasts only briefly and is followed
by a couple of hours of a relaxed, contented state. Withdrawals from
heroin can be very painful for the user. (2,3) |
| Identity vs. Role Confusion: The fifth of Erikson's stages
of life: adolescence: Fidelity and Values. The adolescent's primary
task is to develop a new sense of identity, a feeling for who one
is and one's place in the larger social order. Adolescents experience
rapid physical and sexual growth, so much so, that they can barely
recognize themselves. (1) |
| Industry vs. Inferiority: The forth stage of Erikson's stages
of life: six to eleven years: Competence and Acceptance. As a rule,
this is a period of calm and stability where children are challenged
to master important cognitive and social skills. Children are learning
meaning work and are developing the necessary skills of steady attention
and persevering in a task. They are also learning to play and work
with their peers. (1) |
| Inhalants: Drugs that are used by inhaling them into the
body. These include gas, paint, markers, glue, whiteout, and other
household substances. Also known as huffing or sniffing. (2) |
| Initiative vs. Guilt: The third stage of Erikson's stages
of life: three to six years: Achieving a Sense of Purpose. The child
at this stage begins to have a sense of initiative. They make plans,
set goals and preserve in attaining them. More then any other period,
the child is ready to learn quickly and avidly pursue their imagination.
This is also a period of limits being placed on the child and they
soon learn many of their plans are doomed to failure. (1) |
| Injecting (IV): Using a drug by forcing the substance
into a vein with a syringe. (2) |
| Intimacy vs. Isolation: The sixth of Erikson's
stages of life: young adulthood: Love and Intimacy. The adolescent
stage of development is one of self-focused attention. The adolescent
is primarily concerned with how they appear in the eyes of others
and what they will become. (1) |
| Intoxication: The state of being under the influence of a
substance. (1,2,3,4) |
| Ketamine (ketamine hydrochloride): A central nervous system
depressant that produces a rapid-acting dissociative effect. It was
developed in the 1970s as a medical anesthetic for both humans and
animals. Also known as K and Special K, the psychological effects
include hallucinations, dreamlike states, feelings of invulnerability,
psychological near-death experiences, paranoia, and aggressive behavior.
(3) |
| LSD: Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is a hallucinogen derived
from ergot, a fungus found on rye bread. LSD became popular during
the 1960's, promising mind-expanding features. (2) |
| Marijuana: A green, brown, or
gray mixture of dried, shredded leaves, stems, seeds, and flowers
of the hemp plant. Also called pot, herb, weed and grass, contain
THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol), which is the main active chemical.
Marijuana produces mild hallucinations, increased appetite, and even
paranoia. (2,3) |
| Methamphetamine: A stimulant drug chemically related to amphetamine
but with stronger effects on the central nervous system. Street names
for the drug include "speed," "meth," and "crank." The drug produces
euphoria, decreased appetite, insomnia, and other side effects. (3)
|
| Monitoring the Future Study (MFT): Since 1975, the MTF has
annually studied the extent of drug abuse among high school 12th graders.
The survey was expanded in 1991 to include 8th and 10th graders. It
is funded by NIDA and is conducted by the University of Michigan's
Institute for Social Research. The goal of the survey is to collect
data on past month, past year, and lifetime drug use among students
in these grade levels. (2) |
| Motivational Enhancement Therapy/Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
(MET/CBT5): A five-session treatment with two private sessions
to motivate the adolescent to change and three group sessions on marijuana
refusal skills, increasing social support for abstinence and relapse
prevention. (4) |
| Multidimensional Family Therapy (MDFT): A treatment strategy
that integrates substance abuse treatment into 12 weeks of family-focused
treatment (plus other phone and case management contact) that involves
working with the adolescents and their families on family roles and
other problems areas. (4) |
| Mushrooms : Also called (shrooms), are mushrooms
that contain hallucinogenic chemicals, psilocybin and psilocin, These
mushrooms have a strong bitter taste and can be eaten or brewed into
a tea for effects lasting six hours. (2) |
| Piaget, Jean: (1904-1972) A pioneer in developing a theory
of human development through different stages of life. These include
cognitive and motor skills development. (1) |
| Placebo Effect: Refers to changes in behavior that occur
because of the person's expectaions and faith that a particular treatment
will produce a desired change. (1) |
| Preoperational Thought: The second of Piaget's stages of
development: two to seven years. Children learn to think - to use
symbols and internal images - but their thinking is unsystematic and
illogical. It is very different from adult thinking. (1) |
| Psychiatric Disorder: A psychological or mental disorder
that was diagnosed using the DSM-IV. (2,3) |
| Psychoactive Drug: A drug that crosses the blood/brain barrier,
entering into direct contact with the brain. All psychoactive drugs
effect the person's perceptions, cognitions, emotions and behaviors
by distorting chemical signals in the brain. (1) |
| Rohypnol: The trade name for flunitrazepam, a member of the
benzodiazepine family. Also called "roofies," is a drug prescribed
in England and 26 other countries for treatment of insomnia and pre-surgical
sedation, the use of Rohypnol is illegal in the United States. In
the US the drug is used as a "club drug" and known as the "date rape"
drug. (3) |
| Scare Tactics: A prevention approach used
in the 1960's that exaggerated the negative consequences of drug use
in one shot efforts to scare young people into not experimenting with
drugs. (4) |
| Sensori-Motor Intelligence: The first of Piaget's stages
of development: birth to two years. Babies organize their physical
action schemes, such as sucking, grasping, crying, smiling and hitting,
for dealing with the immediate world. (1) |
Smoking: The act of drawing in and exhaling a substance using
a pipe, cigarette, etc. (1)
Steroids: A group of compounds including bile acids and sex
hormones. The drug compounds can be used to build muscle, stamina,
and aggressive behavior. These drugs are commonly associated with
athletes because of their proposed advantages in the athletic arena.
(2)
Stimulant Drug: A drug that stimulates the central nervous
system. (1) |
| Substance Abuse Criteria: (DSM-IV-TR) A maladaptive pattern
of substance use manifested by recurrent and significant adverse consequences
related to the repeated use of substances. There may be repeated failure
to fulfill major role obligations, repeated use in situations in which
it is physically hazardous, multiple legal problems, and recurrent
social and interpersonal problems (Criterion A). These problems must
occur recurrently during the same 12-month period. (2) |
|
Substance Dependence Criteria: (DSM-IV-TR) A maladaptive
pattern of substance use, leading to clinically significant impairment
or distress, as manifested by three (or more) of the following,
occurring at any time in the same 12-month period:
1. Tolerance, as defined by either of the following: (a) a need
for markedly increased amounts of the substance to achieve intoxication
or desired effect (b) markedly diminished effect with continued
use of the same amount of the substance.
2. Withdrawal, as manifested by either of the following: (a) the
characteristic withdrawal syndrome for the substance (refer to Criteria
A and B of the criteria sets for Withdrawal from the specific substances)
(b) the same (or a closely related) substance is taken to relieve
or avoid withdrawal symptoms.
3. The substance is often taken in larger amounts or over a longer
period than was intended.
4. There is a persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut
down or control substance use.
5. A great deal of time is spent in activities necessary to obtain
the substance (e.g., visiting multiple doctors or driving long distances),
use the substance (e.g., chain-smoking), or recover from its effects.
6. Important social, occupational, or recreational activities are
given up or reduced because of substance use.
7. The substance use is continued despite knowledge of having a
persistent or recurrent physical or psychological problem that is
likely to have been caused or exacerbated by the substance. (2)
|
| Tolerance: A need for markedly increased amounts of the substance
to achieve intoxication or desired effect and/or markedly diminished
effect with continued use of the same amount of the substance. (2)
|
| Trust vs. Mistrust: The first stage of Erikson's stages of
life: birth to one year: Establishing a PredictableWorld. At this
first stage, as infants struggle to take in the things they need,
and act on basic impulses, they interact with adult caretakers, who
follow their own culture's ways of giving to them. What is important
in these interactions is that babies come to find consistency, predictability,
and reliability in their caretakers' actions. (1) |
| Withdrawal: The characteristic withdrawal syndrome for the
substance (refer to Criteria A and B of the criteria sets for Withdrawal
from the specific substances in the DSM-IV). And/or the same (or a
closely related) substance is taken to relieve or avoid withdrawal
symptoms. (2) |
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